History of Mail and the Postal System

The history of postal systems, a mail or courier service to pass messages from one person in one place to another person in another place, starts with the invention of writing and may well have been one of the reasons writing was invented. Writing as a Commercial Enterprise The start of writing occurs in Mesopotamia at least 9,500 years ago, and it involved the use of clay tokens, blobs of baked clay which had dots or lines incised in them representing quantities of goods. A courier might bring tokens to a seller for so many bushels of grain, or so many jars of olive oil, and the seller would send the tokens with the goods back to the buyer. Think of it as a Bronze Age bill of lading. By 3500–3100 BCE, the Uruk-period Mesopotamian trade network had ballooned, and they wrapped their clay tokens in thin sheets of clay that were then baked. These Mesopotamian envelopes called bullae were intended to deter fraud, so that the seller could be certain that the correct amount of goods would get to the buyer. Eventually the tokens were done away with and a tablet with markings was used—and then writing really took off. Postal System The first documented use of a postal system—state-sponsored, designated couriers who were trusted to transport messages—occurred in  Egypt about 2400 BCE, when  Pharaohs  used couriers to send out decrees throughout the territory of the state. The earliest surviving piece of mail is also Egyptian, which dates back to 255 BCE, recovered from the Oxyrhynchus papyri cache. The same type of courier service was likely used to administer taxes and keep up to date on far-flung reaches of most empires, such as the Persian empire in the Fertile Crescent (500–220 BCE), the Han dynasty in China (306 BCE–221 CE), the Islamic Empire (622–1923 CE) in Arabia, the Inca empire in Peru (1250–1550 CE), and the Mughal empire in India (1650–1857 CE). In addition, there were undoubtedly state-sponsored messages transported along the Silk Road, between traders in different empires, probably since its inception in the 3rd century BCE. The first envelopes protecting such messages from prying eyes were made of cloth, animal skins or vegetable parts.  Paper envelopes were developed in China, where paper was invented in the 2nd century BCE.  Paper envelopes, known as  chih poh, were used to store gifts of money. The Birth of Modern Mail Systems In 1653, Frenchman Jean-Jacques Renouard de Villayer (1607–1691) established a postal system in Paris. He set up mailboxes and delivered any letters placed in them if they used the postage pre-paid envelopes that he sold. De Valayers business did not last long when a devious person decided to put live mice in the mailboxes scaring away his customers. A schoolmaster from England, Rowland Hill (1795–1879), invented the adhesive postage stamp in 1837, an act for which he was knighted. Through his efforts, the first  postage stamp system  in the world was issued in England in 1840. Hill created the first uniform postage rates that were based on weight, rather than size. Hills stamps made the prepayment of postage both possible and practical.   Today, the  Universal Postal Union, established in 1874, includes 192 member countries and sets the rules for international mail exchanges. History of The United States Postal Office The  United States Postal Service is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government and has been responsible for providing postal services in the U.S. since its start in 1775. It is one of the few government agencies explicitly authorized by the U.S. Constitution. Founding father  Benjamin Franklin  was appointed the first  postmaster general.   First Mail Order Catalog The  first mail order catalog  was distributed in 1872 by Aaron Montgomery Ward (1843–1913) selling goods primarily to rural farmers who had difficulty making it out to the big cities for commerce. Ward started his Chicago-based business with only $2,400. The first catalog consisted of a single 8- by 12-inch sheet of paper with a price list showing the merchandise for sale with ordering instructions. The catalogs then expanded into illustrated books. In 1926 the first Montgomery Ward retail store opened in Plymouth, Indiana. In 2004, the company was re-launched as an e-commerce business. The First Automatic Postal Sorter Canadian electronics scientist Maurice Levy invented an automatic postal sorter in 1957 that could handle 200,000 letters an hour. The Canadian Post Office Department had commissioned Levy to design and supervise the building of a new, electronic, computer-controlled, automatic mail sortation system for Canada. A hand-made model sorter was tested at postal headquarters in Ottawa in 1953. It worked, and a prototype coding and sortation machine, capable of processing all of the mail then generated by the City of Ottawa, was built by Canadian manufacturers in 1956. It could process mail at a rate of 30,000 letters per hour, with a missort factor of less than one letter in 10,000.   Sources and Further Reading Altaweel, Mark, and Andrea Squitieri. Long-Distance Trade and Economy before and During the Age of Empires. Revolutionizing a World. From Small States to Universalism in the Pre-Islamic near East: UCL Press, 2018. 160–78.  Bruning, Jelle. Developments in Egypts Early Islamic Postal System (with an Edition of P.Khalili Ii 5). Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 81.1 (2018): 25–40.  Joshi, Chitra. Dak Roads, Dak Runners, and the Reordering of Communication Networks. International Review of Social History 57.2 (2012): 169–89.  Priest, George L. The History of the Postal Monopoly in the United States. The Journal of Law and Economics 18.1 (1975): 33–80.  Remijsen, Sofie. The Postal Service and the Hour as a Unit of Time in Antiquity. Historia: Zeitschrift fà ¼r Alte Geschichte 56.2 (2007): 127–40.  Sheldon, Rose Mary. Spies and Mailmen and the Royal Road to Persia. American Intelligence Journal 14.1 (1992): 37–40.  Silverstein, Adam. Documentary Evidence fo the Early History of the Bar d. Ed. Sijpesteijn, Petra A., and Lennart Sundelin.  Papyrology and the History of Early Islamic Egypt. Leiden: Brill, 2004.

Health Care Systems in Finland, England, and Ethiopia

In Finland, all people have a right to health care. The right to secure a number of laws, regulations and recommendations. (STM 2013.) Mission through a strong understanding of the Finland’s variety of health problems, between problems of developing countries. These differences come out in my work. Having read a number of health in developing countries I chose the health care system in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian health care system was completely foreign to me before. And I felt the challenge to explore an entirely new health care system. The Ethiopian health care I found getting to know how unequal the worlds people are in respect of health care. Our health care system problems affect the insignificant if compared to the development of†¦show more content†¦(STM 2013.) In Finland, all people living in covered by the general health insurance. This means that they can get Health Insurance reimbursement under the medical care costs. (Kela 2013 a) Finnish health insurance is divided in medical insurance and earned income. Pensions, income and benefits paid for medical care insurance to finance health insurance. Medical insurance will cover some of the private medical services and dental services fees. And it also cover the costs of outpatient medicine. Earned income insurance will be paid sickness benefit and maternity benefit. Earned income insurance will also replace the occupational health costs. (STM 2013). In Finland, occupational health services are provided free of charge. Services the responsibility of the employer. (Kela 2013 b.) Prenatal care services are covered for all those who plan to become pregnant, pregnant women and families with children. Prenatal clinic services are free of charge. (STM 2013.) School healthcare and student health care are free of charge children under 18 years of age. Preventive health care is free to students of all ages. (STM 2013.) Also, the elderly include free health clinic services. Their aim is to prevent accidents. The old people of services are also home nursing and supported housing.(STM 2013.) The municipalities will organize oral health care services free of charge to children under 18 years of age (STMShow MoreRelatedTaking a Closer Look at Ethiopia2380 Words   |  10 PagesEthiopia is located in the horn of Africa and there are living over 75 million people. It’s one of the populous countries in sub-Sahara Africa. Most of the people, over 85% are living in countryside. Ethiopia is one of the least developed countries in the world. Ethiopia has lots of poverty, estimated 47% of people are living under the poverty line. Poor nutrition, low education levels, widespread poverty and difficulties to get health care services are caused, that the life expectancy is 54 yearsRead MorePublic Health Systems around the World3125 Words   |  13 PagesPeoples health is very different in other sides of the world. 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A key player in the nationalRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pages10020. Copyright  © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. P revious editions  © 2009, 2006, and 2003. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and printRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesMcKeown 9 †¢ 2 Twentieth-Century Urbanization: In Search of an Urban Paradigm for an Urban World †¢ Howard Spodek 53 3 Women in the Twentieth-Century World Bonnie G. 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To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions DepartmentRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesManagement Course: MBA−10 General Management California College for Health Sciences MBA Program McGraw-Hill/Irwin abc McGraw−Hill Primis ISBN: 0−390−58539−4 Text: Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition Cohen Harvard Business Review Finance Articles The Power of Management Capital Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum International Management, Sixth Edition Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell Leadership

Capability Approach and Critical Realism †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Capability Approach and Critical Realism. Answer: Introduction: When a child is born, its imaginative skills are like a blank sheet known as tabula rasa by philosopher John Locke. With the attainment of maturity, ideas, concepts and thoughts begin to form. This is mainly through the means of observation, which generates within them critiquing skills (lvarez, 2015). These abilities form out of curiosity to know the reason behind each and every thing that is happening around them. Keen observation of the events of the surroundings exposes the humans to various situations, which are either in their favour or against. The approach of the humans towards these situations results in the formation of experiences, which helps the individuals to take a stance regarding the events, which occur in their life (Tao, 2016). The ability of the humans to shape and create their own experiences equalizes them with God. The second assumption can be God is a universal truth. Therefore, combining both the assumptions, we derive the conclusion that abilities of the humans regarding the creation of their own experiences are true. The basis for this reality is the application of rational thinking towards the issues, which the humans come across. Countering this, failure in terms of applying rational thinking attaches an interrogative parameter to the skills, expertise and knowledge of the individuals (lvarez, 2015). Here lays the need for some concrete evidences, which the philosophy critiques cannot deny. Typical evidence in this direction is propositions made by the constructive researchers in terms of the skills and abilities to give shape to self experience being one of the major elements of behavioural science in case of the humans. References and Bibiliography lvarez-Vzquez, J. Y. (2015). The Incipient Mind Argument The Persistence of Absolutist Thinking in Biological Philosophy of Mind.GSTF Journal of General Philosophy (JPhilo),1(2). Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (2017).Human ethology. Routledge. Hakkak, M., Nazarpoori, A., Mousavi, S. N., Ghodsi, M. (2015). Investigating the effects of emotional intelligence on social-mental factors of human resource productivity.Revista de Psicologa del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones,31(3), 129-134. Tao, S. (2016). A New Lens for Analysis: The Capability Approach and Critical Realism. InTransforming Teacher Quality in the Global South(pp. 25-49). Palgrave Macmillan UK.

Womens Slavery Essay Example For Students

Womens Slavery Essay SLAVERY AND THE UNDERGROUND RAILROADThe simple fact is that everybody has heard of the Underground Railroad, but not everyone knows just what it was. First of all, it wasn=t underground, and it wasn=t even a railroad. The term AUnderground Railroad,@ actually refers to a path along which escaping slaves were passed from farmhouse to storage sheds, from cellars to barns, until they reached safety in the North. One of the most widely known abolitionists in history is a slave by the name of Harriet Tubman. She is best known as the conductor of the Underground Railroad and risked her life to help free nearly 300 slaves. The primary importance of the Underground Railroad was the ongoing fight to abolish slavery, the start of the Civil War, and it was one of our nation=s first major anti-slavery movements. The history of the Underground Railroad has various opinions, according to what you are reading and to whom you are talking. Slavery in America thrived and continued to grow because there was a scarcity of labor. Cultivation of crops on plantations that were owned by rich white men in the South, could be supervised while slaves used simple routines to harvest them. Considering the extremely low costs that the slaves could be bought, the profits earned were bonuses for not having to pay hired work. Hundreds of slaves turned to freedom for more than one reason. Some obviously wanted to be free and live a life where they were no longer tortured or had to live in conditions that were no better than those of animals. One writer described such a emailprotected Ait was a dismal chamber, its only lights consisting of a few panes of glass through which the sun never shone. The space between the loose boards of the floor and the uneven earth below was often filled with mud and water. Inmates of both sexes and all ages slept on those damp boards, like horses, with a little straw and a emailprotected (Harriet Tubman, Slavery and the Underground Railroad, pg. 24) Others ran due to the fear of being separated or sold from their friends and family. Since the beginning of the African Slave Trade that brought slaves to America in 1444, the slaves wanted to escape. Those who were free at that time were the white people who seemed to be separated in values. The North was a more industrialized area where jobs were filled by newly imported immigrants, making them less dependent on slave labor. The South however, had rich fertile land that was mostly used for farming. There were vast plantations that needed to be worked on to cultivate crops. For the most part, the people of the area tended to be more genteel and seemed not quite adjusted to hard work, but more of giving orders. The idea of telling people what to do and how to do it, just seemed to fit all to well into this scenari o. The Railroad did not have a certain location as I mentioned above. Since the 1500s slaves had been running on their own. When the idea caught on among the brave slaves, was when it began to take form. Slave owners in the South certainly weren=t happy about the loss of their emailprotected As a result to the slaves rebelling much money was lost as well as slaves. As a result of this, the South passed the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793. This law gave the federal judges the right to decide, without a jury, whether someone accused of being a fugitive should be returned to the person who claimed to be his or her master. The North was upset about the treatment of the slaves and was not happy about owners being allowed to come into their states to take the slaves back. Finally, the North decided to do something about it. To get revenge on the south, they would take away the South=s riches. They would help the slaves escape to freedom. The slaves were now angry, scared, and confused. Hearing of this Underground Railroad, they slowly began to escape more and more. .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c , .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c .postImageUrl , .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c , .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c:hover , .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c:visited , .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c:active { border:0!important; } .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c:active , .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Education: Causes Effects EssayBy 1807, a law was passed that made it illegal to import anymore slaves. Agricultural improvements came along, and with the limited number of slaves left in the states, the value of the slaves went up very quickly. Abolition societies and religious groups began to form, and they became active in helping slaves to freedom. Soon after, the Underground Railroad began to take shape. emailprotected were formed to aide the slaves to freedom. These hiding places were known as emailprotected which were regular stops on the route to freedom. Along the way, there were depots and safe houses to stay in. These were houses of free whites or blacks where they could hide when they weren=t running. The people who owned these houses were often known as conductors. The conductors often left a number of signs for the slaves to follow so they didn=t go to houses that belonged to allies of the slave owners. For example, a quilt on the clothes line depicting a house with smoke coming out of the chimney was a sign of a safe station. A white ring of bricks around the top of a house=s chimney was another. Shops that were safe often had a silhouette of a fleeing man or woman on a sign. Other signs were used to guide the slaves as well. There were also specific knocks that slaves would use when approaching safety stations. When a slave was moving to the next house along the Railroad, it was called Acatching the next emailprotected To help some of the slaves remember the routes, there were songs that were formed that they would sing to help with the directions. One of these songs was called AFollow the Drinking emailprotected The drinking gourd w as the slaves terminology for the Big Dipper=s handle which points to the North Star, which they often used to find their way North. The songs also gave landmarks along the way, such as AThe dead trees will show you the emailprotected Slaves had many possible directions to run, but the main idea was safety and speed. The slaves would often zigzag in their paths to avoid being caught. There were different forms of fleeing as well. Slaves could travel by water on boats. In the video used for our panel ARoots for Resistance,@ was a scene that demonstrated how they would travel by boat and the safety features they would look for. For example, when crossing the river, if there was one lit lantern, the path was safe. However, it there were two or none, it meant danger. Besides the safety stations on the way to a slaves freedom, the people in the North that were willing to lend a hand, also utilized many clever disguises. In some cases, slave=s clothes were exchanged for those of a rich fr ee person to color to confuse the true identity of a slave when seen by curious eyes. There were also some slaves that traveled by road. They would rode in carriages, wagons that often contained a fake bottom where there was a tiny space where slaves could lie down on their journey to freedom. Some even traveled on the surface lines of the actual railroads. The even more daring slaves would travel as baggage in luggage. In the end, slaves had to find a way to fit in as best as they could with the people of the North. Some of the escaped fugitives met up with previously escaped friends and family and formed communities. Others found a haven in the Native American population with whom they intermarried and reproduced. After the Civil War began, others found shelter with the Union Army. The slaves soon found out that freedom did not mean the freedom not to work, but their lives were much better because they were allowed to make their own decisions. Although many slaves were free, they still remained illiterate for the most part, and once again they were taken advantage of by cruel employers. Those who learned to do specific jobs in the South often took up similar jobs in the North. The need for the Underground Railroad slowly began to decrease as he fight for abolishing slavery grew stronger. The final motion that brought the Underground Railroad to an end was the signing of the Emancipation Proclamati on by Abraham Lincoln, which ended slavery in our now free country, forever. .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5 , .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5 .postImageUrl , .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5 , .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5:hover , .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5:visited , .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5:active { border:0!important; } .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5:active , .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5 .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo and Juliet/new ending EssayBIBLIOGRAPHYMcClard, Megan. Harriet Tubman, Slavery and the Underground Railroad. New Jersey: Silver Burdett Press, 1991. Hart, Albert Bushnell. Slavery and Abolition. New York: Negro Universities Press, 1906. Roots of Resistance, Slavery and the Underground Railroad. Videotape. Clinton, Catherine. Half Sisters of History. Duke University Press, 1994.

The Driving Pool

The Driving Pool is a compilation of three stories written by Yoko Ogawa, an award winning novelist from Japan. The Driving Pool revolves around the experiences of Aya, a young female narrator (James 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Driving Pool specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Aya is orphaned in a number of ways. For example, her parents are too busy in the wards and cannot create time to attend to her needs. It is against this background that Aya (who is emotionally abandoned by her parents) decide to shower Jun (a young athlete) with all her devotion and love. Jun has lived at the Light House for a decade now. Nonetheless, acquaintance does not rekindle disdain for Aya. Her feelings for Aya are not sisterly. Aya’s obsession with Jun is manifested when she spent most of her free time in the bleachers looking at Jun practice his favorite sport. When Aya is not in the bleachers, she idles around the home eager to bump into Jun. It appears that Jun feels the same way towards Aya (James 2). This tale could have had a merry ending if Aya had not subjected her loneliness and pain upon others. The seductive force of cruelty is manifested when Aya resorts to torture Rie (the youngest toddler at the orphanage) for pleasure. In spite of the fact that Aya’s actions are distressing, most of the readers are sympathetic with her deeds because they understand their origins. It seems the author has excelled in demonstrating how natural feelings can be overturned into anomalous ones and how benevolence can coexist with malevolence (James 3). It goes without saying that The Diving Pool examines the intensity of our intricate dark natures. Nevertheless, The Diving Pool does not sanitize anything in the process. It is a simple moral story that seems to suggest the impeding devastating revenge for the young woman (James 3). Majusi is the author of the internationally acclaimed book titled Black Rain. It astonishes that whenever a book dwells upon serious issues such as genocide, lynching, or Hiroshima bombing; it will frequently receive a rare evaluation irrespective of the manner in which subject at hand is presented. Black Rain focuses on a teenage girl who is caught in the middle of the radioactive â€Å"Black Rain† that ensued after Hiroshima was bombed. The writer based his novel on accounts of real-life records and dialogue with the victims of the holocaust. In his book, he manages to disclose the extent of suffering of human as a result of the atomic bomb (Schneider 1). In the novel Black Rain, the author narrates the manner in which the life of Yasuko that was altered forever as a result of the Hiroshima bombing.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The author describes how the attack caused him periodic bouts of radiation sickness and her suspic ions that her future generations may be affected too. Ibuse presents the horrific incident with a tinge of moderate humor which he is commonly known for. His compassion to the multifaceted web of feeling in a customary community dilapidated by the devastating attack has made the Black Rain one of the most highly recognize novel (Schneider 3). The novel talks about the survivors who witnessed the Hiroshima bomb as it unfolded. Nonetheless, the writer neither asks for sympathy from the readers nor blames anyone for the event. On the contrary, but he focuses his attention on the catastrophe itself from the human point of view. The author and those around him maintain a deep sense of self-respect and significance for human life and experience which stands out in the entire days after the Hiroshima bombing. In his account, he talks about the suffering many victims had to endure during and after the bombing and his description leave the reader less than pleasant. In the Black Rain novel, the author does not hold the back the information about the bombing nor try to overwhelm the readers with cheap words to narrate the devastating outcomes of the attack. He simply employs an exceptional narrative style that describes the suffering of the victims (Schneider 4). Pregnancy Diary is the second story in this collection. To most readers, Pregnancy Diary appears to be more complicated and even bleaker. Just like the other two stories, Pregnancy Diary talks about a displaced young female narrator. The diary in question is a vivid account of a woman concerning her sister’s pregnancy. Pregnancy Diary bears semblance to the other two tales because it is filled with horrific tales. It is worthy to mention that Pregnancy Diary does not dwell upon the foetus but on revulsion, food and greed as the narrator prepares an intoxicated grapefruit jam for her sister. Pregnancy Diary reveals the emotional turmoil that the children had to endure following the tragic and untimely dea th of their parents. According to this tale, it is very difficult to establish whose delusions are prevailing in this world of emotional haziness (James 4). All women featured in Ogawa’s tales are basically numbed and emotionless as they attempt to gain power by subjecting their weaker specimens to cruel deeds. Their disturbing inertia in reaction to their limited roles is counterpoised with vicious twists and turns which the author portrays with a distinctive coolness of tone. The sense of emotional estrangement, of cultural universality as well as the use of weird disappearance cuts across the three tales (Briscoe 7). Dormitory is the last tale in this collection. Dormitory rarely qualifies as a bedtime story because it is filled with dark twists and turns in spite of the fact that there is some ray of hope as the horrific tale comes to an end. Nonetheless, Dormitory leaves many questions unanswered (James 5).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Drivi ng Pool specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, why is the young wife not attempting to search and save her cousin? What is behind the bizarre inertia contaminating her right from the start? What would she have found behind her cousin’s bolted door? And what exactly is happening to the landlord? In Dormitory, a woman in Tokyo is busy sewing a patchwork coverlet as she waits to join her husband in Sweden. Meanwhile, her young cousin calls to inquire if she can reside in the college dormitory where she once lived as a student. In the meantime, the manager of the hall of residence is a terminally ill amputee infatuated with body parts of healthier students. As the cousin takes residence at the college dormitory and disappears later, the narrator is drawn into a distorted world full of garish tulip colors and sickly buzzing of bees that threatens to overwhelm the ordinary daily life as a background to insanity. It seems that the author has met all the preconditions that qualify a story to be regarded as horrific (Briscoe 8). Ogawa has successfully depicted the workings of human psychology in her three tales. The author has been able to demonstrate her in-depth knowledge of psychological workings through her wonderful and well-executed pose. Reading Ogawa’s tales is synonymous to entering an illusory state that is filled with frightening scenes (Briscoe 9). The narrators of both Pregnancy Diary and The Diving Pool commit dreadful acts (poisoning an expectant woman and tormenting a young orphaned toddler). They commit these horrendous acts as if by impulse and do not care of the possible consequences of their actions. It is worthy to mention that the three tales bear similarities in terms of structure and arrogance. Nevertheless, The Diving Pool is an exceptional tale that depicts an author whose evocative, disconcerting narrative style speaks more by leaving some details unarticulated (Briscoe 9). Works Cited Briscoe, Joanna. â€Å"Dark Side of the Dormitory.† 2 Aug. 2008. Web. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/aug/02/fiction5. James, Victoria. â€Å"The Diving Pool, by Yoko Ogawa: Everyday Horror in Suburban Tokyo.† 8 Aug. 2008. Web. https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-diving-pool-by-yoko-ogawa-trans-stephen-snyder-887841.html.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Schneider, Jessica. â€Å"Book Review: Black Rain by Masuji Ibuse.† 16 Jan. 2011. Web. This essay on The Driving Pool was written and submitted by user Tori Boyer to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The White Devil Essays

The White Devil Essays The White Devil Essay The White Devil Essay In act 2, playwright John Webster uses a framed narrative to portray the deaths of Isabella and Camillo, creating a psychological horror rather than a graphical one. Through the use of a conjuror, Webster manages to show deaths via ‘sophistic tricks’ from the ‘nigromancer’. By using this character as another narrator, a certain distance is created between the audience and the actions on scene, allowing the minds of the audience to wander, questioning the events that led up to the murders, and perhaps whether the conjuror’s visions were accurate or not. In addition, Brachiano’s indifferent response to the death, calling it ‘excellent’ may make the audience horrified by his ignorance of the brutal murders. Further horror is present in the irony of Isabella’s demise as she ‘kisses†¦thrice’ the portrait of the very man who plotted to murder her, a tragic end to a character who seemed to be completely pure. Perhaps Webster uses this as a ‘shock tactic’, making a Catholic Jacobean audience question whether a higher power is really protecting them if they would allow the archetype of goodness die in such a manner. This thought would have resonated in the 17th century as new discoveries in sciences such as astronomy may have made many wonder whether ‘believers’ were actually any better than ‘non-believers’. Brachiano definitely has the qualities of a villainous ‘non-believer’ taken to a hyperbolic level, severing any ties with the chaste Isabella, referring to the man that married her as just a ‘dead shadow’ of himself. Such a strong characterization plays into the psyche of the audience; especially those with faith in religion, making them question whether worldly desires are worth the suffering they will have to face in Hell. Brachiano’s character, therefore, can be juxtaposed with Isabella’s, whose death showed the evil of society, but whose faith will lead her into heaven. This contrasting set of character force the audience into a dichotomy, almost making them choose between heaven or hell, all of which is done very subtly, and with no graphic imagery illustrating either side. This concept is relatable to the dark comedy and satire in this section of the play too. The state of Camillo’s corpse ‘folded double as ‘twere under the horse’ is possibly a sexual reference to his sexual inadequacy and a humiliating way to show that he was cuckolded. The ease at which the conjuror planned this murder and the casual tone of conversation he has with Brachiano is almost unsettling, which makes one wonder what other perverted ideas does society think of that is not shared with the public. The sense that all these characters are part of a debauched society is present again when Brachiano refers to politcians as â€Å"asses in foot cloth[s]’ and the conjuror says that Camillo has a ‘politic face’. This shows the corruption in the 1st and 2nd estate, making the audience question whether these hateful figures of government have only immorality in common. Underlying these comic dumb shows with such rhetorical questions truly makes the audience question whether it is moral to find these scenes amusing. The audiences morality is once again called into question when they desire to know more about the details of Isabella and Camillo’s death which, like Brachiano, they ‘taste not fully. ’ The audience may be facing another dilemma when they consider that such injustice in society may be happening all around them, quite horrific to know that such exaggerated scenes may be very real.

Critically assess the foreign policy of Barack Obama Essay

Critically assess the foreign policy of Barack Obama - Essay Example For those who serve the President, in this case Barack Obama, they would claim first and foremost, that they serve at the pleasure of the President. They are loyal workers within a national structure, that In the months leading up to the 2008 Presidential election, mass examples would exist as it came to general concern over the present state of affairs within the military action taking place, as a part of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The current President, in an effort to champion change in terms of what had become the norm, would make assertions that, for many, would appear to be significant and in that case, would lead the nation in a direction that would have been different from the most recent office holder and most likely, different from the choices made of other previous Presidents themselves. In considering whether or not these individuals, both men and women, would be seen more as self-serving and/or working for the same result, the answer(s) to that, would fall within being in the eye of beholder. An individual(s) can very easily possess intentions that may overtly seem self-serving but on the inside, may have been executed with what the person(s), may have felt were the most sincere of motives. For the President of the United States, one of the placements made to his national security team, would be the very person who sought to defeat him during the previous Presidential election. An individual of considerable political strength, Hillary Clintons placement amongst the foreign policy fray of the Obama Administration, would seem to some, as being a way to ensure that, by the time 2012 came and the President would surely seek re-election, Secretary Clinton would be in the position of being unable to attempt a second Presidential bid. This can be stated by the very thought, amongst many within the political structure, that an individual would not partake in a campaign for elected office that would place them in