History of Mail and the Postal System

The history of postal systems, a mail or courier service to pass messages from one person in one place to another person in another place, starts with the invention of writing and may well have been one of the reasons writing was invented. Writing as a Commercial Enterprise The start of writing occurs in Mesopotamia at least 9,500 years ago, and it involved the use of clay tokens, blobs of baked clay which had dots or lines incised in them representing quantities of goods. A courier might bring tokens to a seller for so many bushels of grain, or so many jars of olive oil, and the seller would send the tokens with the goods back to the buyer. Think of it as a Bronze Age bill of lading. By 3500–3100 BCE, the Uruk-period Mesopotamian trade network had ballooned, and they wrapped their clay tokens in thin sheets of clay that were then baked. These Mesopotamian envelopes called bullae were intended to deter fraud, so that the seller could be certain that the correct amount of goods would get to the buyer. Eventually the tokens were done away with and a tablet with markings was used—and then writing really took off. Postal System The first documented use of a postal system—state-sponsored, designated couriers who were trusted to transport messages—occurred in  Egypt about 2400 BCE, when  Pharaohs  used couriers to send out decrees throughout the territory of the state. The earliest surviving piece of mail is also Egyptian, which dates back to 255 BCE, recovered from the Oxyrhynchus papyri cache. The same type of courier service was likely used to administer taxes and keep up to date on far-flung reaches of most empires, such as the Persian empire in the Fertile Crescent (500–220 BCE), the Han dynasty in China (306 BCE–221 CE), the Islamic Empire (622–1923 CE) in Arabia, the Inca empire in Peru (1250–1550 CE), and the Mughal empire in India (1650–1857 CE). In addition, there were undoubtedly state-sponsored messages transported along the Silk Road, between traders in different empires, probably since its inception in the 3rd century BCE. The first envelopes protecting such messages from prying eyes were made of cloth, animal skins or vegetable parts.  Paper envelopes were developed in China, where paper was invented in the 2nd century BCE.  Paper envelopes, known as  chih poh, were used to store gifts of money. The Birth of Modern Mail Systems In 1653, Frenchman Jean-Jacques Renouard de Villayer (1607–1691) established a postal system in Paris. He set up mailboxes and delivered any letters placed in them if they used the postage pre-paid envelopes that he sold. De Valayers business did not last long when a devious person decided to put live mice in the mailboxes scaring away his customers. A schoolmaster from England, Rowland Hill (1795–1879), invented the adhesive postage stamp in 1837, an act for which he was knighted. Through his efforts, the first  postage stamp system  in the world was issued in England in 1840. Hill created the first uniform postage rates that were based on weight, rather than size. Hills stamps made the prepayment of postage both possible and practical.   Today, the  Universal Postal Union, established in 1874, includes 192 member countries and sets the rules for international mail exchanges. History of The United States Postal Office The  United States Postal Service is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government and has been responsible for providing postal services in the U.S. since its start in 1775. It is one of the few government agencies explicitly authorized by the U.S. Constitution. Founding father  Benjamin Franklin  was appointed the first  postmaster general.   First Mail Order Catalog The  first mail order catalog  was distributed in 1872 by Aaron Montgomery Ward (1843–1913) selling goods primarily to rural farmers who had difficulty making it out to the big cities for commerce. Ward started his Chicago-based business with only $2,400. The first catalog consisted of a single 8- by 12-inch sheet of paper with a price list showing the merchandise for sale with ordering instructions. The catalogs then expanded into illustrated books. In 1926 the first Montgomery Ward retail store opened in Plymouth, Indiana. In 2004, the company was re-launched as an e-commerce business. The First Automatic Postal Sorter Canadian electronics scientist Maurice Levy invented an automatic postal sorter in 1957 that could handle 200,000 letters an hour. The Canadian Post Office Department had commissioned Levy to design and supervise the building of a new, electronic, computer-controlled, automatic mail sortation system for Canada. A hand-made model sorter was tested at postal headquarters in Ottawa in 1953. It worked, and a prototype coding and sortation machine, capable of processing all of the mail then generated by the City of Ottawa, was built by Canadian manufacturers in 1956. It could process mail at a rate of 30,000 letters per hour, with a missort factor of less than one letter in 10,000.   Sources and Further Reading Altaweel, Mark, and Andrea Squitieri. Long-Distance Trade and Economy before and During the Age of Empires. Revolutionizing a World. From Small States to Universalism in the Pre-Islamic near East: UCL Press, 2018. 160–78.  Bruning, Jelle. Developments in Egypts Early Islamic Postal System (with an Edition of P.Khalili Ii 5). Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 81.1 (2018): 25–40.  Joshi, Chitra. Dak Roads, Dak Runners, and the Reordering of Communication Networks. International Review of Social History 57.2 (2012): 169–89.  Priest, George L. The History of the Postal Monopoly in the United States. The Journal of Law and Economics 18.1 (1975): 33–80.  Remijsen, Sofie. The Postal Service and the Hour as a Unit of Time in Antiquity. Historia: Zeitschrift fà ¼r Alte Geschichte 56.2 (2007): 127–40.  Sheldon, Rose Mary. Spies and Mailmen and the Royal Road to Persia. American Intelligence Journal 14.1 (1992): 37–40.  Silverstein, Adam. Documentary Evidence fo the Early History of the Bar d. Ed. Sijpesteijn, Petra A., and Lennart Sundelin.  Papyrology and the History of Early Islamic Egypt. Leiden: Brill, 2004.

Health Care Systems in Finland, England, and Ethiopia

In Finland, all people have a right to health care. The right to secure a number of laws, regulations and recommendations. (STM 2013.) Mission through a strong understanding of the Finland’s variety of health problems, between problems of developing countries. These differences come out in my work. Having read a number of health in developing countries I chose the health care system in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian health care system was completely foreign to me before. And I felt the challenge to explore an entirely new health care system. The Ethiopian health care I found getting to know how unequal the worlds people are in respect of health care. Our health care system problems affect the insignificant if compared to the development of†¦show more content†¦(STM 2013.) In Finland, all people living in covered by the general health insurance. This means that they can get Health Insurance reimbursement under the medical care costs. (Kela 2013 a) Finnish health insurance is divided in medical insurance and earned income. Pensions, income and benefits paid for medical care insurance to finance health insurance. Medical insurance will cover some of the private medical services and dental services fees. And it also cover the costs of outpatient medicine. Earned income insurance will be paid sickness benefit and maternity benefit. Earned income insurance will also replace the occupational health costs. (STM 2013). In Finland, occupational health services are provided free of charge. Services the responsibility of the employer. (Kela 2013 b.) Prenatal care services are covered for all those who plan to become pregnant, pregnant women and families with children. Prenatal clinic services are free of charge. (STM 2013.) School healthcare and student health care are free of charge children under 18 years of age. Preventive health care is free to students of all ages. (STM 2013.) Also, the elderly include free health clinic services. Their aim is to prevent accidents. The old people of services are also home nursing and supported housing.(STM 2013.) The municipalities will organize oral health care services free of charge to children under 18 years of age (STMShow MoreRelatedTaking a Closer Look at Ethiopia2380 Words   |  10 PagesEthiopia is located in the horn of Africa and there are living over 75 million people. It’s one of the populous countries in sub-Sahara Africa. Most of the people, over 85% are living in countryside. Ethiopia is one of the least developed countries in the world. Ethiopia has lots of poverty, estimated 47% of people are living under the poverty line. Poor nutrition, low education levels, widespread poverty and difficulties to get health care services are caused, that the life expectancy is 54 yearsRead MorePublic Health Systems around the World3125 Words   |  13 PagesPeoples health is very different in other sides of the world. 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Capability Approach and Critical Realism †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Capability Approach and Critical Realism. Answer: Introduction: When a child is born, its imaginative skills are like a blank sheet known as tabula rasa by philosopher John Locke. With the attainment of maturity, ideas, concepts and thoughts begin to form. This is mainly through the means of observation, which generates within them critiquing skills (lvarez, 2015). These abilities form out of curiosity to know the reason behind each and every thing that is happening around them. Keen observation of the events of the surroundings exposes the humans to various situations, which are either in their favour or against. The approach of the humans towards these situations results in the formation of experiences, which helps the individuals to take a stance regarding the events, which occur in their life (Tao, 2016). The ability of the humans to shape and create their own experiences equalizes them with God. The second assumption can be God is a universal truth. Therefore, combining both the assumptions, we derive the conclusion that abilities of the humans regarding the creation of their own experiences are true. The basis for this reality is the application of rational thinking towards the issues, which the humans come across. Countering this, failure in terms of applying rational thinking attaches an interrogative parameter to the skills, expertise and knowledge of the individuals (lvarez, 2015). Here lays the need for some concrete evidences, which the philosophy critiques cannot deny. Typical evidence in this direction is propositions made by the constructive researchers in terms of the skills and abilities to give shape to self experience being one of the major elements of behavioural science in case of the humans. References and Bibiliography lvarez-Vzquez, J. Y. (2015). The Incipient Mind Argument The Persistence of Absolutist Thinking in Biological Philosophy of Mind.GSTF Journal of General Philosophy (JPhilo),1(2). Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (2017).Human ethology. Routledge. Hakkak, M., Nazarpoori, A., Mousavi, S. N., Ghodsi, M. (2015). Investigating the effects of emotional intelligence on social-mental factors of human resource productivity.Revista de Psicologa del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones,31(3), 129-134. Tao, S. (2016). A New Lens for Analysis: The Capability Approach and Critical Realism. InTransforming Teacher Quality in the Global South(pp. 25-49). Palgrave Macmillan UK.

Womens Slavery Essay Example For Students

Womens Slavery Essay SLAVERY AND THE UNDERGROUND RAILROADThe simple fact is that everybody has heard of the Underground Railroad, but not everyone knows just what it was. First of all, it wasn=t underground, and it wasn=t even a railroad. The term AUnderground Railroad,@ actually refers to a path along which escaping slaves were passed from farmhouse to storage sheds, from cellars to barns, until they reached safety in the North. One of the most widely known abolitionists in history is a slave by the name of Harriet Tubman. She is best known as the conductor of the Underground Railroad and risked her life to help free nearly 300 slaves. The primary importance of the Underground Railroad was the ongoing fight to abolish slavery, the start of the Civil War, and it was one of our nation=s first major anti-slavery movements. The history of the Underground Railroad has various opinions, according to what you are reading and to whom you are talking. Slavery in America thrived and continued to grow because there was a scarcity of labor. Cultivation of crops on plantations that were owned by rich white men in the South, could be supervised while slaves used simple routines to harvest them. Considering the extremely low costs that the slaves could be bought, the profits earned were bonuses for not having to pay hired work. Hundreds of slaves turned to freedom for more than one reason. Some obviously wanted to be free and live a life where they were no longer tortured or had to live in conditions that were no better than those of animals. One writer described such a emailprotected Ait was a dismal chamber, its only lights consisting of a few panes of glass through which the sun never shone. The space between the loose boards of the floor and the uneven earth below was often filled with mud and water. Inmates of both sexes and all ages slept on those damp boards, like horses, with a little straw and a emailprotected (Harriet Tubman, Slavery and the Underground Railroad, pg. 24) Others ran due to the fear of being separated or sold from their friends and family. Since the beginning of the African Slave Trade that brought slaves to America in 1444, the slaves wanted to escape. Those who were free at that time were the white people who seemed to be separated in values. The North was a more industrialized area where jobs were filled by newly imported immigrants, making them less dependent on slave labor. The South however, had rich fertile land that was mostly used for farming. There were vast plantations that needed to be worked on to cultivate crops. For the most part, the people of the area tended to be more genteel and seemed not quite adjusted to hard work, but more of giving orders. The idea of telling people what to do and how to do it, just seemed to fit all to well into this scenari o. The Railroad did not have a certain location as I mentioned above. Since the 1500s slaves had been running on their own. When the idea caught on among the brave slaves, was when it began to take form. Slave owners in the South certainly weren=t happy about the loss of their emailprotected As a result to the slaves rebelling much money was lost as well as slaves. As a result of this, the South passed the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793. This law gave the federal judges the right to decide, without a jury, whether someone accused of being a fugitive should be returned to the person who claimed to be his or her master. The North was upset about the treatment of the slaves and was not happy about owners being allowed to come into their states to take the slaves back. Finally, the North decided to do something about it. To get revenge on the south, they would take away the South=s riches. They would help the slaves escape to freedom. The slaves were now angry, scared, and confused. Hearing of this Underground Railroad, they slowly began to escape more and more. .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c , .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c .postImageUrl , .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c , .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c:hover , .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c:visited , .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c:active { border:0!important; } .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c:active , .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5843d5a19e8f9ff009ba8a2841d8601c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Education: Causes Effects EssayBy 1807, a law was passed that made it illegal to import anymore slaves. Agricultural improvements came along, and with the limited number of slaves left in the states, the value of the slaves went up very quickly. Abolition societies and religious groups began to form, and they became active in helping slaves to freedom. Soon after, the Underground Railroad began to take shape. emailprotected were formed to aide the slaves to freedom. These hiding places were known as emailprotected which were regular stops on the route to freedom. Along the way, there were depots and safe houses to stay in. These were houses of free whites or blacks where they could hide when they weren=t running. The people who owned these houses were often known as conductors. The conductors often left a number of signs for the slaves to follow so they didn=t go to houses that belonged to allies of the slave owners. For example, a quilt on the clothes line depicting a house with smoke coming out of the chimney was a sign of a safe station. A white ring of bricks around the top of a house=s chimney was another. Shops that were safe often had a silhouette of a fleeing man or woman on a sign. Other signs were used to guide the slaves as well. There were also specific knocks that slaves would use when approaching safety stations. When a slave was moving to the next house along the Railroad, it was called Acatching the next emailprotected To help some of the slaves remember the routes, there were songs that were formed that they would sing to help with the directions. One of these songs was called AFollow the Drinking emailprotected The drinking gourd w as the slaves terminology for the Big Dipper=s handle which points to the North Star, which they often used to find their way North. The songs also gave landmarks along the way, such as AThe dead trees will show you the emailprotected Slaves had many possible directions to run, but the main idea was safety and speed. The slaves would often zigzag in their paths to avoid being caught. There were different forms of fleeing as well. Slaves could travel by water on boats. In the video used for our panel ARoots for Resistance,@ was a scene that demonstrated how they would travel by boat and the safety features they would look for. For example, when crossing the river, if there was one lit lantern, the path was safe. However, it there were two or none, it meant danger. Besides the safety stations on the way to a slaves freedom, the people in the North that were willing to lend a hand, also utilized many clever disguises. In some cases, slave=s clothes were exchanged for those of a rich fr ee person to color to confuse the true identity of a slave when seen by curious eyes. There were also some slaves that traveled by road. They would rode in carriages, wagons that often contained a fake bottom where there was a tiny space where slaves could lie down on their journey to freedom. Some even traveled on the surface lines of the actual railroads. The even more daring slaves would travel as baggage in luggage. In the end, slaves had to find a way to fit in as best as they could with the people of the North. Some of the escaped fugitives met up with previously escaped friends and family and formed communities. Others found a haven in the Native American population with whom they intermarried and reproduced. After the Civil War began, others found shelter with the Union Army. The slaves soon found out that freedom did not mean the freedom not to work, but their lives were much better because they were allowed to make their own decisions. Although many slaves were free, they still remained illiterate for the most part, and once again they were taken advantage of by cruel employers. Those who learned to do specific jobs in the South often took up similar jobs in the North. The need for the Underground Railroad slowly began to decrease as he fight for abolishing slavery grew stronger. The final motion that brought the Underground Railroad to an end was the signing of the Emancipation Proclamati on by Abraham Lincoln, which ended slavery in our now free country, forever. .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5 , .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5 .postImageUrl , .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5 , .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5:hover , .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5:visited , .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5:active { border:0!important; } .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5:active , .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5 .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9bf17a76d97f8f09b066e5d2985b87b5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo and Juliet/new ending EssayBIBLIOGRAPHYMcClard, Megan. Harriet Tubman, Slavery and the Underground Railroad. New Jersey: Silver Burdett Press, 1991. Hart, Albert Bushnell. Slavery and Abolition. New York: Negro Universities Press, 1906. Roots of Resistance, Slavery and the Underground Railroad. Videotape. Clinton, Catherine. Half Sisters of History. Duke University Press, 1994.